Journal of Academic Research for Humanities (JARH) is a double-blind peer-review, Open Free Access, online Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023)
The International "Journal of Academic Research for Humanities"

Research Articles

Gender Inequality and Factors Affecting Women Participation in Labour Market: A Case of Pakistan

Published 31-03-2023

  • Sidra Ashfaq
    • ,
  • Masood Sarwar Awan
    • ,
  • Dr. Faisal Nadeem Shah

Sidra Ashfaq
University of Sargodha, Sargodha

Masood Sarwar Awan
Professor, University of Sargodha, Sargodha

Dr. Faisal Nadeem Shah
Lecturer, University of Sargodha, Sargodha

Abstract

Labour force participation of females is considered most the important determinant of economic development for a country. The rising factor which affects the FLFP rate is the mobility of females which is a hurdle for the contribution of economic development. The study aims to determine the gender inequality of FLPR in Pakistan.   Socio-economic and environmental factors explain the female Labour force participation rate. Time series data from 1991 to 2021 has been taken from WDI (World Development Indicators). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag model is applied to find the long-run effect of variables, namely GDP (gross domestic product. education of females, fertility rate and co2 emission and FLPR.  The results show that there are long-run effects on FLPR.  GDP and education have positive, while fertility rate and co2 emission have negatively affected FLPR. It suggests that this participation can be increased by providing education, training and health facilities in Pakistan.  The recursive residual sum of square tests has been used to check the stability of ARDL.

Keywords

famle labor force participation rate, Pakistan, ARDL, Labour Force, , FLPR, , Economic Development, , Education, , Health Facilities

PDF

References

  1. Abdullah, N., Aznin, N., Bakar, A., & Abdullah, H. (2013). Fertility Model and Female Labour Force Participation in Selected ASEAN Countries. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1 (3), 291-294.
  2. Avazalipour, M. S. et al. (2012). The role of women in economic participation and employment: A logistic model for Iran. International Journal of Contemporary Mathematical Sciences, 6(11), 545-556.
  3. Azid, T.et al. (2001). Poverty, female Labour force participation, and cottage industry: a case study of cloth embroidery in rural Multan. The Pakistan Development Review, 1105-1118.
  4. Cavalcanti, T. V. & Tavares, J. (2008). Assessing the “Engines of Liberation”: home appliances and female labour force participation. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(1), 81-88.
  5. Efobi, U. R., Tanankem, B. V., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Female economic participation with information and communication technology advancement: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 86(2), 231-246.
  6. Ejaz, M. (2007). Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation in Pakistan an Empirical Analysis of PSLM (2004-05) Micro Data. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 203.
  7. Faridi, M., Chaudhry, I., & Anwar, M. (2009). The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District. South Asian Studies: A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 22831, 351–367.
  8. Faridi, M. Z. et al. (2015). Determinants of Female Employment Status in Pakistan: A Case of Sahiwal District. A Primary Data Analysis. Journal of Business Economics and Information Technology, 2(4), 428-442.
  9. Gashi, A., Rizvanolli, A., & Adnett, N. (2019). Bucking the trend: Female Labour market participation in Kosovo. Croatian Economic Survey, 21(2), 85-116.
  10. Kiani, A. Q. (2013). Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation. ASEAN Marketing Journal. 1-11.
  11. Mano, Y. & Yamamura, E. (2010). Effects of husband's education and family structure on Labour force participation and married Japanese women's earnings. Japanese Economy, 38(3), 71-9
  12. Martin, R. (2014). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis, and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, lbr019.
  13. Masood, T. & Ahmad, M. (2009). An Econometric Analysis of Inter-State Variations in Women’s Labour Force Participation in India.
  14. Mujahid, N. (2012). Determinants of Female Labour Force Participation: A Micro Analysis of Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research. 2014, 2(5), 211-220.
  15. Umbreen, F. &, Kokab, A. (2013). Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Gujrat, Pakistan. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 1, January-2017 789 ISSN 2229-5518.
  16. Özsoy, Ceyda and Sevilay Atlama (2010), An Analysis of Trends in Female Labour Force Participation in Turkey, Challenges for Analysis of the Economy, the Business and Social Progress, Reviewed Article.
  17. Pesaran, M. Hashem, Shin, Yongcheol and Smith Richard J. (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of the level relationship, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Volume16, Issue 3, PP 289-326.
  18. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to co-integration analysis. In S. Strom (ed.) Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium. Ch. 11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  19. Qadir, F., & Afzal, M. (2019). Impact of Cultural Factors on Earnings of Working Women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 8(1 (s)), pp. 92-105.
  20. Rami, G. (2018). Trends and Factors Affecting Female Labour Force Participation Rate in India. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. India. 5(11)
  21. Shaheen, S., Hussain Sial, M., & Sarwar Awan, M. (2011). Female Labour Force Participation in Pakistan: A Case of Punjab. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 2(3), 1–47
  22. Sumule, F. &Syafitri, W. (2013). Analysis of factors affecting the participation of married women in the informal sector (Case Study on The Traders in Ketawang Gede Sub-district, Malang). JurnalIlmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 2(2).
  23. Varol, F. (2017). The determinants of Labour force participation of women in Turkey: A binary logit analysis. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(2), 92-108.
  24. World Bank Data- International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data were retrieved in September 2019.
  25. Zaheer, R., & Qaiser, S. (2016). Factors That Affect the Participation of Female in Labour Force : A Macro Level Study of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(2): 20–24. https://doi.org/10.9790/5933-0702032024