Journal of Academic Research for Humanities (JARH) is a double-blind peer-review, Open Free Access, online Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024)
The International "Journal of Academic Research for Humanities"

Research Articles

Parental Religious Orientation and Its Impact on Bonding to God of Visually Impaired Adults

Published 18-03-2024

  • Aiman Maqsood
    • ,
  • Prof. Dr. Masood Nadeem
    • ,
  • Dr. Sadia Iqbal

Aiman Maqsood
The Islamia University of BahawalpurPhD Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan,

Prof. Dr. Masood Nadeem
Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Dr. Sadia Iqbal
Senior Special Education Teacher, Punjab Special Education Department, Pakistan

Abstract

Attachments occur throughout the lifespan of an individual. It can be between parents, children, lovers, individuals, religion, and God. This study investigated the potential influence of parental religious orientation on the bonding to God among visually impaired adults in Pakistan. While prior research has extensively examined religious orientation with various factors, there remains a gap in the literature concerning the connection between parental religious orientation and bonding to God, particularly in the context of visually impaired adults. To address this gap, this study focused on two primary participant groups: parents and visually impaired adults from various sects. Non-probability purposive sampling was employed to collect data. Data were collected from 67 parents and 67 visually impaired adults. Two scales, (i) Bonding to God (Saleem, 2004) and (ii) Age Universal Religious Orientation Scale (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989), were used for data collection. The findings indicated no significant link between parental religious orientation and bonding to God among visually impaired adults. However, the study contributes to the enrichment of attachment theory in religious contexts and highlights the importance of inclusivity within religious communities. The implications of this research inform the development of tailored religious education and support programs, fostering spiritual well-being among visually impaired adults and providing directions for future research in the psychology of religion and disability studies.

Keywords

Parental, Religion, Orientation, Bonding, Visually Impaired adults

PDF

Author Biography

Prof. Dr. Masood Nadeem

Professor at the Department of Applied Psychology

Dr. Sadia Iqbal

Senior Special Education Teacher

References

  1. (6) a Strong Relationship between the Creator and the Created | Masjid Al Muslimiin.www.almasjid.com/a_strong_relationship_between_the_creator_and_the_created.
  2. Aghazadeh, F., Riazi, A., & Kamali, M. (2021). The Strategies Used by Visually Impaired and Blind People in Iran to Cope With Difficulty Performing Daily Living Activities. Archives of Rehabilitation, 22(2), 196-209.
  3. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (2006). Attachments and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 41-59). Routledge.
  4. Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of personality and social psychology, 5(4), 432.
  5. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Volume I: Attachment, vol. 79. The International Psycho-Analytical Library, 1-401.
  6. Cherry, K. (2022, September 4). What Is a Cross-Sectional Study? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-cross-sectional-study-2794978
  7. Chopra, D. (2000). How to know God. New York: Harmony Books.
  8. Dickie, J. R., Ajega, L. V., Kobylak, J. R., & Nixon, K. M. (2006). Mother, father, and self: Sources of young adults' God concepts. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 45(1), 57-71.
  9. Dickie, J. R., Eshleman, A. K., Merasco, D. M., Shepard, A., Wilt, M. V., & Johnson, M. (1997). Parent-child relationships and children's images of God. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25-43.
  10. Furrow, J. L., King, P. E., & White, K. (2004). Religion and positive youth development: Identity, meaning, and prosocial concerns. Applied Developmental Science, 8(1), 17-26.
  11. George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. S. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 19(1), 200.
  12. Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 348-354.
  13. Granqvist, P. (1998). Religiousness and perceived childhood attachment: On the question of compensation or correspondence. Journal for the scientific study of religion, 350-367.
  14. Hart Jr, A., Tinker, L. F., Bowen, D. J., Satia-Abouta, J., & McLerran, D. (2004). Is religious orientation associated with fat and fruit/vegetable intake? Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(8), 1292-1296.
  15. Holdcroft, B. B. (2006). What is religiosity? Catholic Education: A Journal of inquiry and practice, 10(1), 89-103.
  16. Khan, A. (2014) Relationship between bonding to God and locus of control among Muslim and Christian adults. (Unpublished MSc Research Report), National Institute of Psychology, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  17. Khan, A. A. S. I., Ghous, R. A. B. I., & Malik, J. A. (2016). Validation of the Urdu version of the religious orientation scale. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 13(2), 8-11.
  18. Khan, A. A., Malik, J. A., Musharraf, S., & Lewis, C. A. (2021). Parents’ prejudices or own religious orientation of Pakistani children: determinants of achievement-related prejudices for opposite gender and sect and their relation with mental health. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 42(1), 49-63.
  19. Khan, Z. H., & Watson, P. J. (2006). " Construction of the Pakistani Religious Coping Practices Scale: Correlations With Religious Coping, Religious Orientation, and Reactions to Stress Among Muslim University Students". The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 16(2), 101-112.
  20. Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1992). An attachment-theoretical approach to the psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 3-28.
  21. Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Hood Jr, R. W. (1990). Intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation: The boon or bane of contemporary psychology of religion? Journal for the scientific study of religion, 442-462.
  22. Laurencelle, R. M., Abell, S. C., & Schwartz, D. J. (2002). The relation between intrinsic religious faith and psychological well-being. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12(2), 109-123.
  23. Levin, J. (2001). God, love, and health: Findings from a clinical study. Review of Religious Research, 42(3), 277-293.
  24. Levin, J. S., & Chatters, L. M. (1998). Religion, health, and psychological well-being in older adults: Findings from three national surveys. Journal of aging and health, 10(4), 504-531.
  25. Litman, L., Robinson, J., Weinberger-Litman, S. L., & Finkelstein, R. (2019). Both intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation are positively associated with attitudes toward cleanliness: Exploring multiple routes from godliness to cleanliness. Journal of religion and health, 58(1), 41-52.
  26. Miner, M. (2009). The impact of child-parent attachment, attachment to God, and religious orientation on psychological adjustment. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 37(2), 114-124.
  27. Miner, M. H. (2007). Back to the basics in attachment to God: Revisiting theory in light of theology. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 35(2), 112122.
  28. Moyer, H. A. (2018). Religious Orientation in Young Adults and Its Relationship to Perceived Attachment Style and Parenting Style During Childhood/Adolescence (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University).
  29. Munir, A., & Malik, J. A. (2020). The mediating role of religious orientation and moral character for the relationship between parent and peer attachment and delinquency. Cogent Psychology, 7(1), 1761042.
  30. Neill, C. M., & Kahn, A. S. (1999). The role of personal Spirituality and religious social activity on the life satisfaction of older widowed women. Sex roles, 40(3), 319-329.
  31. Nikolopoulou, K. (2022, December 01). What Is Purposive Sampling? | Definition &Examples. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/purposive-sampling/
  32. Noreen, Z., Ali, A., & Abbasi, S. Y. (2020). PARENTAL RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION AS A PREDICTOR OF IDENTITY STYLES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. ISSRA Papers, 1(XII), 1-17.
  33. Part 3.2: Relationship between Allah and His Creation. (2013, November 4). Www.al-Islam.org. https://www.al-islam.org/light-within-me-mutahhari-tabatabai-khomeini/part-32-relationship-between-allah-and-his-creation
  34. Saleem, K., (2004). Relationship of bonding to God with psychological well-being and life satisfaction among adults. (unpublished MPhil dissertation). National Institute of Psychology, Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  35. Younas, S., & Kamal, A. (2019). Validation of Piri-Muridi Scale in Pakistan through confirmatory factor analysis. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 529-545.
  36. Younas, S., & Kamal, A. (2021). Establishing and Validating Factor Structure of Bonding to God Scale. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 31(1).
  37. Younas, S., Muqtadir, R., & Khan, M. (2018). Religious orientation and optimism: a quantitative consideration within the Pakistani context. Foundation University Journal of Psychology, 2(1), 2